Middleburg's housing stock spans a wide range of eras, from older frame homes on large wooded lots to the subdivisions that expanded through the 1990s and after. Many properties sit on acreage or oversized lots, giving the community a spread-out, semi-rural character that distinguishes it from closer-in Jacksonville suburbs. Newer single-family developments such as Pine Ridge and Fox Meadows offer more conventional suburban layouts, while creekside lots along Black Creek command their own niche. The mix favors buyers seeking space and a quieter setting.

Middleburg's residential pattern is loosely defined by unincorporated neighborhoods rather than a formal town grid. The historic core near Black Creek holds some of the area's oldest homes and sites, while newer master-planned communities such as Pine Ridge and Fox Meadows offer newer homes, playgrounds, and family-oriented amenities. Whitesville, one of the community's early settlements, is a notable part of the area's layered history. Acreage and farm-style properties spread across the surrounding flatwoods, and many residents live on larger lots with mature trees.

Life in Middleburg centers on Black Creek and the outdoors. Residents launch boats and kayaks from ramps along the North Fork, fish the creek's tannic waters, and gather at neighborhood parks. The community's rural heritage shows up in equestrian properties, farm stands, and a general preference for space over density. While Middleburg lacks a traditional downtown, commercial life clusters along Blanding Boulevard (State Road 21), and residents look to Orange Park and Jacksonville for larger shopping and entertainment.

Middleburg's students attend Clay County District Schools, the countywide public school system based in Green Cove Springs, with elementary schools such as Tynes serving the community and middle and high schools across the surrounding area. The district's neighborhood-based campuses keep schools close to home, and growth has added capacity across the Clay County system. A number of private and parochial options are available throughout the county, and higher education is within commuting distance in Jacksonville and Orange Park.

Middleburg is reached primarily by Blanding Boulevard (State Road 21), the main north-south corridor connecting Clay County to Jacksonville and, to the south, the lake country around Keystone Heights. Interstate 295 and Interstate 10 are accessible to the northeast, and Jacksonville International Airport lies within about an hour. The community's spread-out layout makes driving the norm, and commuters to Jacksonville, Orange Park, or Naval Air Station Jacksonville find the trip manageable.

Black Creek is the heart of Middleburg recreation, with boat ramps along the North Fork providing access for paddling, fishing, and boating. Community parks including Meadowlands Park, Wildflower Park, and Interpretive Park offer playgrounds and green space, while Jennings State Forest and Clay County's trail network add hiking and equestrian options. The community's lakes and the St. Johns River are a short drive away, rounding out year-round outdoor access.